- Direct flame intensity and structure measurement
- Image-based flame temperature and soot measurement (2-color method)
- Flame lift-off length measurement (OH imaging)
- Soot volume fraction measurement (extinction imaging)
- Projected liquid volume measurement
- Shadowgraph/schlieren imaging for vapor distribution
- Cavitation and bubble dynamics in nozzle
- Microscopic spray imaging (droplet sizing and dribbling investigation)
- Spatio-temporal identification of plume direction
- Calculation of 3D liquid volume fraction (LVF)
- Investigation of plume collapsing